Homework Help | Include a minimum of six scholarly sources

Develop a rough draft of your literature review. You will continue to develop the literature review next week based on feedback provided by your instructor. Then in week 7, you will submit a well-polished literature review as part of your final research proposal.

The following requirements should be met in your literature review:

Include a minimum of six scholarly sources
Organize in logical sections
Include an overview of the literature
Be unbiased in your presentation of information
Include sources and content relevant to your research questions and hypothesis; state the relevance in your literature review
Include a critical assessment of the sources. Do not simply include a summary of what you have read
A strong introduction and conclusion, including further questions for research
Proper APA formatting, citations, and references | PLACE YOUR ORDER NOW AT writtask.com |
Keep in mind that this is a rough draft, so the literature review does not need to be perfect. However, you should still submit a literature review with proper APA formatting, correct spelling, punctuation, and grammar that meets all of the specifications of the assignment listed above. You will then receive feedback from your instructor and continue to do more research, and modify and improve your current literature review.

MODEL ANSWER

Preoperative stress or anxiety is a common occurrence among patients awaiting surgery. It is characterized by a feeling of doubt, fear, or uneasiness, especially when the patient is undergoing elective surgery. Stress levels in the patient tend to vary from low, intermediate, and high, depending on different | PLACE YOUR ORDER NOW AT writtask.com | nurses must understand these factors to help reduce and prevent high-stress levels that may be detrimental to the patient’s health while also improving the patient’s confidence in | PLACE YOUR ORDER NOW AT writtask.com | focuses on identifying the predictors and factors that lead to high preoperative stress levels. It also aims to identify the mitigating factors that can help prevent such situations.

Factors that Cause Stress in Preoperative Patients.

The stress level of a patient in the preoperative stage is dependent on several | PLACE YOUR ORDER NOW AT writtask.com | crucial factor is the availability of moral | PLACE YOUR ORDER NOW AT writtask.com | psychological support from one’s | PLACE YOUR ORDER NOW AT writtask.com | going through surgery, especially elective, needs to know that they have the support of their loved ones during the procedure and during the recovery period, which can be | PLACE YOUR ORDER NOW AT writtask.com | family support enables the patient to feel confident and secure in the notion that somebody will take care of them even when it gets | PLACE YOUR ORDER NOW AT writtask.com | system also helps alleviate any doubts and fears the patient may have about the procedure by ensuring that they ask all the crucial questions.

Secondly, the lack of adequate equipment or trained nurses is another stress factor among | PLACE YOUR ORDER NOW AT writtask.com | facility does not have a good reputation when it comes to offering surgical procedures, a patient who has to go through a procedure in that facility may experience high-stress levels, especially if they have no way | PLACE YOUR ORDER NOW AT writtask.com | and secure about the team tending to one’s healthcare is essential if a patient is to avoid high-stress levels.

The third significant factor is unexpected | PLACE YOUR ORDER NOW AT writtask.com | to be a significant concern in difficult surgeries such as those dealing with vital and delicate parts such as the brain and heart. Despite having qualified healthcare professionals, unexpected outcomes are sometimes | PLACE YOUR ORDER NOW AT writtask.com | operating on the spinal cord, the unexpected result may be an inability to walk, which, while it is not preferred, is better than a fatal outcome. Facing these unknowns and uncertainties during surgery tends to lead to high-stress levels in the patients.

Lastly, the lack of adequate information about all the risks, requirements, and recovery plans during and after a procedure can | PLACE YOUR ORDER NOW AT writtask.com | must have access to all the information about the procedure. Additionally, the medical staff should take the time to explain the intricacies involved in the process and any medical terms that may be difficult for the patient to understand.

Predictors of Stress

There are some common stress predictors that an RN can use to identify and determine the patient’s prevalent stress level. The first predictor is the patient’s sense of self-efficacy. If the patient is exhibiting a strong sense of self-efficacy, they are likely to develop a more profound interest in the procedure’s happenings and possible outcomes. Therefore, they will take the time to study and research how the procedure is done and its success rate. Furthermore, having their questions answered makes them more determined to go through the procedure. It helps them develop confidence in themselves, their support system and the surgical team as well. Another predictor is the patient’s psychological distress, which may result from factors such as a lack of moral support or adequate finances. The patient’s emotional disposition, such as their irritability level, tends to show how terrified or stressed out they are about the surgical procedure (Shinall et al., 2020). The last predictor is the patient’s level of optimism. If the patient is unrealistically optimistic or exceptionally pessimistic about the procedure, they are highly stressed and possibly unsure whether to go ahead with the surgery. However, the right level of optimism shows that the patient is confident in the expected and holistically prepared for the operation.

High preoperative stress levels tend to have adverse effects on both the patient and the surgical team. One common outcome is that highly stressed patients tend to experience a decrease in their immune system’s functioning, which may complicate the surgery (Ahmetovic-Djug et al., 2017). Additionally, they may require higher levels of anesthesia than regular patients. Furthermore, high-stress levels indicate a lack of confidence in the surgical team, which can play a role in diminishing the effectiveness of the procedure. This is because the patient is psychologically prepared to get a negative outcome, and might not see the possibility for any good despite having an expert medical staff (Gursoy et al., 2016). This makes it crucial for the OR nurse to stay alert in identifying and determining the patient’s preoperative stress levels if the entire surgical procedure is to go on smoothly.

References

Ahmetovic-Djug, J., Hasukic, S., Djug, H., Hasukic, B., & Jahic, A. (2017). Impact of preoperative anxiety in patients on hemodynamic changes and a dose of anesthetic during induction of anesthesia. Medical Archives (Sarajevo, Bosnia, and Herzegovina), 71(5), 330-333.

Bedaso, A., & Ayalew, M. (2019). Preoperative anxiety among adult patients undergoing elective surgery: A prospective survey at a general hospital in Ethiopia. Patient Safety in Surgery, 13(1).

Gürsoy, A., Candaş, B., Güner, Ş., & Yılmaz, S. (2016). Preoperative stress: An operating room nurse intervention assessment. Journal of PeriAnesthesia Nursing, 31(6), 495-503. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jopan.2015.08.011

Rosiek, A., Kornatowski, T., Rosiek-Kryszewska, A., Leksowski, Ł., & Leksowski, K. (2016). Evaluation of stress intensity and anxiety level in the preoperative period of cardiac patients. BioMed Research International, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/1248396

Shinall, M. C., Arya, S., Youk, A., Varley, P., Shah, R., Massarweh, N. N., … & Crist, L. (2020). Association of preoperative patient frailty and operative stress with postoperative mortality. Jama Surgery, 155(1), e194620-e194620. 10.1001/jamasurg.2019.4620

Woldegerima, Y. B., Fitwi, G. L., Yimer, H. T., & Hailekiros, A. G. (2018). Prevalence and factors associated with preoperative anxiety among elective surgical patients at the University of Gondar Hospital. Gondar, Northwest Ethiopia, 2017. A cross-sectional study. International Journal of Surgery Open, 10, 21-29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijso.2017.11.001