ASSIGNMENT HELP | Diabetic keto acidosis

Diabetic Ketoacidosis

Diabetic ketoacidosis is a serious metabolic disorder found in both human as well as in veterinary medicine. It is noted as a severe diabetes mellitus condition defined by more an enhanced blood sugar level, enhanced levels of ketones in urine and a reduced level of bicarbonates within the blood. When animals such as dogs have the condition, there is a likelihood of a severe complication like neurological complications as a result of the swelling of the brain, the failure of the acute kidney, high anemic levels as well as pancreatitis. Although severe DKA condition often leads to death, the condition can be addressed through proper and timely diagnosis (McKenna et al., 2019). Furthermore, the condition develops in diabetes which may have been unrecognized or untreated initially. Consequently, it is critical to explore presence of diabetes mellitus or other related symptoms for a person who has the risk of diabetes so as to prevent diabetic ketoacidosis from happening.

Clinical of Diabetic Ketoacids

There are notable clinical signs that can be | PLACE YOUR ORDER NOW AT writtask.com | DKA. Some of the signs include loss in weight, vomiting, lethargy and anorexia. Other complications linked to the condition include presence of anemia, some neurological disorders and abnormalities in electrolytes as well as possibility of acute renal failure.

Symptoms

Some of the most common symptoms associated with the condition include loss of the desire to eat, loss of weight, feeling exhausted most of the time, an elevated level of thirst, urinating frequently as well as vomiting.

Role of Ketones in DKA

Ketones play a central role in one | PLACE YOUR ORDER NOW AT writtask.com | are often used for energy production within the | PLACE YOUR ORDER NOW AT writtask.com | are formed once the fatty acids are released from the adipose fatty tissues and subsequently transported | PLACE YOUR ORDER NOW AT writtask.com | that eventually makes the ketones from the liver. Ketones can be produced in excess especially in uncontrolled diabetes mellitus which can develop into acidosis. Some of the factors that result in the formation of ketones in the DNA include deficiency of insulin, dehydration, fasting as well as elevated levels of the stress hormones like glucagon and other growth hormones (Bhatnagar et al.,2017). The ketones are also formed when there isn’t enough glucose or sugar levels which can supply the required fuel needs of the body. The process can occur overnight especially when a person is fasting or dieting. Such periods are often punctuated with low levels of insulin even when glucagon and epinephrine levels are within the normal ranges.

Diagnosis of DKA

DKA can be diagnosed based on the emerging clinical signs as well as the level of serum/glucose concentration, the level of Ketones within urine and the serum bicarbonate concentration in the | PLACE YOUR ORDER NOW AT writtask.com | the ketone levels are within the normal range, mild DKA could still be evident. Besides, mild DKA can as well be present with reduced serum bicarbonate concentration. Often, it is accompanied by severe signs of illness.

Other than the serum glucose concentrations as well as the results given from the urinalysis procedure, some of the other notable diagnostic procedures include measuring the total carbon dioxide in the venous, evaluation of the blood gas as well as the analyzing the electrolytes and the level of the serum | PLACE YOUR ORDER NOW AT writtask.com | culture can as well be carried out to determine the presence of DKA in humans as well as in other canines such as dogs. This is due to the fact that urinary tract infections are some of the common complicating factors for the DKA condition. Another possible diagnosis is doing a complete blood count, doing a proper measurement of blood count and the serum liver and the pancreatic enzyme | PLACE YOUR ORDER NOW AT writtask.com | that can help give a detailed analysis of the condition is doing a chest and abdominal X-ray and an ultrasound of the abdomen as this will help to give the underlying associated factors and other possible abnormalities which may require a specific treatment plan.

Prognosis

The prognosis of DKA is | PLACE YOUR ORDER NOW AT writtask.com | contends that an overall mortality rate for DKA is approximately 0.2 – 2% with a significant portion of this mortality rate being witnessed in developing | PLACE YOUR ORDER NOW AT writtask.com | presence of deep coma during the diagnostic process, hypothermia as well as signs of oliguria are all noted to be signs of poor | PLACE YOUR ORDER NOW AT writtask.com | prognosis of properly treated patients having DKA is excellent particularly for young patients that don’t have any intercurrent infections. On the contrary, worse prognosis is often realized in older patients who have critical intercurrent illnesses like pneumonia, sepsis and myocardial infarction. This is especially enhanced when the patients are treated away from the intensive care unit.

Treatment of DKA

There are many treatment options that can be given for a patient | PLACE YOUR ORDER NOW AT writtask.com | option is for the patient to have fluid | PLACE YOUR ORDER NOW AT writtask.com | can be done either by mouth or through the veins until there is proper | PLACE YOUR ORDER NOW AT writtask.com | given help to replace the dehydration witnessed through excessive urination besides helping to dilute the elevated sugar concentrate in the blood (Duca et al.,2019). The second treatment option is for the patient to receive an electrolyte | PLACE YOUR ORDER NOW AT writtask.com | are mineral elements like potassium, sodium and chlorides. When there is no insulin, the level of electrolytes tends to reduce in the blood. Consequently, administering electrolytes within the veins will help to keep the nerve cells and the muscles to function normally.

The third treatment option is to offer insulin | PLACE YOUR ORDER NOW AT writtask.com | works by reversing the processes that can cause diabetic ketoacidosis. When the blood sugar levels fall lower than 200mg/dL and the blood is not acidic any more, it is possible to cede intravenous insulin therapy and then resume the normal subcutaneous insulin therapy. Whichever the treatment option, some of the treatment complications that need to be considered include the possibility of low blood sugar level, risks of low potassium levels and the swelling in the brain (causing cerebral edema).

Preventive Measures

There isn’t a specific approach towards | PLACE YOUR ORDER NOW AT writtask.com | treatment as well as managing the level of diabetes in the body has been shown to be a possible way to reduce the risks of one | PLACE YOUR ORDER NOW AT writtask.com | the common signs of diabetes mellitus as evidenced by increased frequency of urination, increased level of thirst, appetite and decline in weights should all be closely monitored as they are risk factors for one | PLACE YOUR ORDER NOW AT writtask.com | is a condition that can be prevented but risky if not well | PLACE YOUR ORDER NOW AT writtask.com | the symptoms are easy to note, it is possible to underscore mild DKA and hence initiate proper response measures before the situation goes out of hand.

References

Bhatnagar, R. K., Kurera, I., Perry, R., & Tringham, J. (2017). Euglycaemic DKA secondary to Canaglifozin, an easily missed diagnosis. Acute Medicine, 16(4), 196-199.

Duca, L. M., Reboussin, B. A., Pihoker, C., Imperatore, G., Saydah, S., Mayer‐Davis, E., … & Dabelea, D. (2019). Diabetic ketoacidosis at diagnosis of type 1 diabetes and glycemic control over time: The SEARCH for diabetes in youth study. Pediatric Diabetes, 20(2), 172-179.

McKenna, A., Sandys, N., Ryder, K., Metwally, N., Brennan, A., O’Regan, M., … & Roche, E. F. (2018). Single Centre Experience–Clinical Presentation and Frequency of Paediatric Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) At Diagnosis over a 5-Year Period.