Describe the pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, evaluation, and treatment of metabolic acidosis and metabolic alkalosis. Discuss how and when each of the buffer systems responds to compensate/correct for acid-base imbalances.
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Advanced Physiology and Pathophysiology
Metabolic acidosis is an electrolyte disorder caused by a loss of bicarbonate, an increase in acid production, and a reduction in the kidney’s ability to excrete | PLACE YOUR ORDER NOW AT writtask.com | is characterized by an imbalance in the body’s acid-base structure. The increase in acid overwhelmed the body and causes the blood to become acidic, which then affects the part of the brain that regulates | PLACE YOUR ORDER NOW AT writtask.com | that accompany this condition include respiratory complications, headache, nausea, altered appetite, vomiting, decreased visual acuity, muscle weakness, and | PLACE YOUR ORDER NOW AT writtask.com | of Metabolic acidosis involves getting rid of the excess acids in the body and preventing the body from making too many | PLACE YOUR ORDER NOW AT writtask.com | options include respiratory compensation (using steroid drugs and bronchodilator medications), metabolic compensation (such as Hemodialysis and IV sodium bicarbonate), as well as using Inotropes and other related medications (Biggers, 2019).
Metabolic alkalosis, on the other hand, refers to a metabolic condition where the PH levels in the body are | PLACE YOUR ORDER NOW AT writtask.com | is caused by an increase in bicarbonate and a decrease in the hydrogen ion concentration (Emmett, 2020). It can also occur in individuals with | PLACE YOUR ORDER NOW AT writtask.com | symptoms include hand tremors, muscle twitching, confusion, lightheadedness, prolonged muscle spasms, and numbness in the face, hands, or feet. Therefore, the treatment depends on whether the condition is chloride-resistant or chloride-responsive. It also depends on the underlying causes of the | PLACE YOUR ORDER NOW AT writtask.com | a mild chloride-responsive alkalosis, he/she is only required to change diet, such as increasing intake of sodium chloride (salt) to make blood more acidic hence reducing the alkalosis. A doctor may also recommend an IV (intravenous drip), if immediate attention | PLACE YOUR ORDER NOW AT writtask.com | alkalosis, a doctor would recommend taking pills containing potassium chloride in order to increase potassium levels. The pills should be taken two to four times a day.
The body has buffer systems which act as a line of defense for any instances if high alkaline and acid concentration in the system or blood. The carbonic acid bicarbonate buffer systems regulate the body’s acid-base balance and manage the production and release of carbon | PLACE YOUR ORDER NOW AT writtask.com | dioxide released in the body combines with water to form carbonic acid, which is a weak acid. When the body has a high concentration of acid, the carbonic acid breaks down to form bicarbonate which helps to correct the | PLACE YOUR ORDER NOW AT writtask.com | the body has high alkaline levels, the carbonic acid disintegrates to form carbonate anions which react with the bases and hence bring about a balance in the electrolytes. Metabolic alkalosis can be treated by the introduction of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, potassium-sparing diuretics, potassium supplements, or fluid replacements into the body.
References
Biggers, A. (2019). Treatment Guide for Metabolic Acidosis. Retrieved from https://www.healthline.com/health/metabolic-acidosis-treatment
Emmett, M. (2020). Metabolic Alkalosis: A Brief Pathophysiologic Review. Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology. https://doi.org/10.2215/CJN.16041219
Kraut, J. A., & Madias, N. E. (2016). Metabolic acidosis of CKD: an update. American Journal of Kidney Diseases, 67(2), 307-317. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.ajkd.2015.08.028
Silva, D. A., Al-Gousous, J., Davies, N. M., Chacra, N. B., Webster, G. K., Lipka, E., … & Löbenberg, R. (2019). Simulated, bio relevant, clinically relevant, or physiologically relevant dissolution media: the hidden role of bicarbonate buffer. European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, 142, 8-19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpb.2019.06.006
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