Discussion: Factors That Influence the Development of Psychopathology

Respond to at least two of your colleagues on 2 different days by explaining the implications of why, as an advanced practice nurse, it is important to adopt a multidimensional, integrative model of psychopathology.

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Factors That Influence the Development of Psychopathology
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Psychopathology which is the scientific study of abnormal mental states that has offered a Gestalt for psychiatric diseases and driven clinical and scientific advancement in modern psychiatry for more than a century (Schultze-Lutter et al., 2018). Several variables influence the development of psychopathology, including the biological, psychological, social, cultural, and interpersonal elements.

Biological Factors

According to Sadock et al. (2015), psychiatric issues are recognized as biomedical conditions since they present genetic and neurobiological abnormalities. Epigenetic changes and early life alterations contribute to psychopathology throughout life. Biological mechanisms through which prenatal environmental exposures can affect brain development and predispose an individual for mental disease later in life. Behavioral genetics studies reveal that some mental disorders, including anxiety and depression, can be passed down from parents to offspring (Patterson et al., 2018). Sadock et al. (2015) also indicate that 40 to 70% of the mental health domain, such as cognitive and personality issues, are determined by genetic factors. Neuroscientific factors also significantly influence psychopathology development since a positive correlation exists between the various parts of the brain, their functioning, and the pre-existing mental health condition. For instance, the frontal cortex, which regulates an individual\’s behavior, affects bipolar disorder, anxiety, and depression patients. Additionally, Schizophrenia and anxiety affect the limbic system, which regulates sense, identity, and emotional reactions. Understanding the biological factors of psychopathology is imperative to determine and predict the most effective approach to manage the conditions.

Psychological Factors

Cognitive dysfunction, characterized by memory loss, attention deficit, and executive dysfunction, significantly contributes to functional impairment among mental health patients. Loss of memory and cognitive deficit is mainly associated with social phobia, while executive dysfunction is associated with Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). Some traumatic experiences such as experiencing war and violence, abuse accidents, etc. may trigger PTSD symptoms, which might be overlooked or undertreated, or misinterpreted as attention seeking behaviors. According to Troller‐Renfree et al. (2017), attention deficit among children is associated with anxiety, social phobia, and low emotional regulation skills. Low emotional regulation skills alongside emotional responses affect psychopathology development since they are associated with externalizing mental issues such as aggression and antisocial behavior and internalizing mental issues such as anxiety and depression. Most mental disorders, and certainly schizophrenia, have a developmental aspect: they manifest in functional and structural brain alterations prior to the actual symptomatic onset of the disease. Further, many risk factors have a specific vulnerability time window in which their influence can change the trajectory of brain development toward states of illness (Braun et al., 2018).

Socio-Cultural and Interpersonal Factors

Socio-economic adversities, including poverty and environmental risk factors, have been associated with the onset and maintenance of psychopathological symptoms and low life satisfaction. This relationship has been explained through material deprivation but also increased adverse life events (such as unemployment, abuse, and neglect), with consequences for treatment outcomes, including among children and adolescents (Moleiro, 2018). Parental depression can negatively affect the mental and emotional development of the children and puts them at risk of a psychopathologic condition (Oliver-Parra et al., 2020). Culture has a recognized role in not only conceptualizing psychopathology, but also in explaining and accounting for experienced distress, health, and illness. Certain conditions surrounding minority stress [gender; sexual orientation, and migration processes may increase vulnerability, and stigmatized groups may be exposed to a higher number of risk factors for psychological distress (e.g., related to legal status, perceived discrimination, social exclusion, stigmatization, and victimization). Lesbian, homosexual, bisexual, and transgender people, for example, have been reported to have a higher risk of suicide, traumatic stress reactions, significant depression disorders, and anxiety disorders (Moleiro, 2018). Interpersonal factors that influence the development of psychopathology include lifestyle factors such as inactivity, obesity, poor sleep quality, and job-related stress that give rise to stress, low self-esteem, anxiety, and depression. Further research reveals that interpersonal functioning has a complex relationship with psychopathology processes. For example, depressed people may have constrained interpersonal conditions that affect their coping ability, resulting in interpersonal stress and severe depression.

References

Braun, U., Schaefer, A., Betzel, R. F., Tost, H., Meyer-Lindenberg, A., & Bassett, D. S. (2018). From maps to multi-dimensional network mechanisms of mental disorders. Neuron, 97(1), 14–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2017.11.007

Moleiro, C. (2018). Culture and psychopathology: New perspectives on research, practice, and clinical training in a Globalized World. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00366

Oliver-Parra, A., Dalmau-Bueno, A., Ruiz-Muñoz, D., & García-Altés, A. (2020). Relationship between parents’ mental disorders and socioeconomic status and Offspring’s Psychopathology: A cross-sectional study. PLOS ONE, 15(10). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0240681

Patterson, M. W., Mann, F. D., Grotzinger, A. D., Tackett, J. L., Tucker-Drob, E. M., & Harden, K. P. (2018). Genetic and environmental influences on internalizing psychopathology across age and pubertal development. Developmental Psychology, 54(10), 1928–1939. https://doi.org/10.1037/dev0000578

Sadock, B. J., Sadock, V. A., & Ruiz, P. (2015). Synopsis of Psychiatry Behavioral Sciences, clinical psychiatry (11th ed.). Wolters Kluwer.

Schultze-Lutter, F., Schmidt, S. J., & Theodoridou, A. (2018). Psychopathology—a precision tool in need of re-sharpening. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00446

Troller‐Renfree, S., Zeanah, C. H., Nelson, C. A., & Fox, N. A. (2017). Neural and cognitive factors influencing the emergence of psychopathology: Insights from the Bucharest Early Intervention Project. Child Development Perspectives, 12(1), 28–33. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdep.12251

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Factors that Influence Development of Psychopathology

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