ASSIGNMENT HELP | Both the neurological and musculoskeletal pathophysiologic processes that would account for the patient presenting these symptoms.

Reading.
McCance, K. L. & Huether, S. E. (2019). Pathophysiology: The biologic basis for disease in adults and children (8th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Mosby/Elsevier.
• Chapter 15: Structure and Function of the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems (stop at Aging and the nervous system)
• Chapter 16: Pain, Temperature Regulation, Sleep, and Sensory Function (stop at Sleep); Summary Review
• o Chapter 17: Alterations in Cognitive Systems, Cerebral Hemodynamics, and Motor Function; pp. 504–511, pp. 516–530 (start at Acute confusional states and delirium) (stop at Alterations in neuromotor functions); (Parkinson’s Disease); Summary Review
• Chapter 18: Disorders of the Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems and the Neuromuscular Junction (stop at Degenerative disorders of the spine); (start at Cerebrovascular disorders) (stop at Tumors of the central nervous system); Summary Review
• Chapter 44: Structure and Function of the Musculoskeletal System (stop at Components of muscle function); Summary Review
• Chapter 45: Alterations of Musculoskeletal Function (stop at Bone tumors); (start at Disorders of joints); Summary Review

Spinal Cord Injuries
Updated: Nov 01, 2018
• Author: Lawrence S Chin, MD, FACS, FAANS; Chief Editor: Brian H Kopell, MD more…
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Pathophysiology
Spinal cord injury (SCI), as with acute stroke, is a dynamic process. In all acute cord syndromes, the full extent of injury may not be apparent initially. Incomplete cord lesions may evolve into more complete lesions. More commonly, the injury level rises 1 or 2 spinal levels during the hours to days after the initial event. A complex cascade of pathophysiologic events related to free radicals, vasogenic edema, and altered blood flow accounts for this clinical deterioration. Normal oxygenation, perfusion, and acid-base balance are required to prevent worsening of the spinal cord injury.
• Destruction from direct trauma

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Scenario
A 67-year-old man presents to the HCP (health care practitioner) with chief complaint of tremors in his arms. He also has noticed some tremors in his leg as well. The patient is accompanied by his son, who says that his father has become “stiff” and it takes him much longer to perform simple tasks. The son also relates that his father needs help rising from his chair. Physical exam demonstrates tremors in the hands at rest and fingers exhibit “pill rolling” movement. The patient’s face is not mobile and exhibits a mask-like appearance. His gait is uneven, and he shuffles when he walks and his head/neck, hips, and knees are flexed forward. He exhibits jerky or cogwheeling movement. The patient states that he has episodes of extreme sweating and flushing not associated with activity. Laboratory data unremarkable and the HCP has diagnosed the patient with Parkinson’s Disease.
Assignment (1- page case study analysis)
In your Case Study Analysis related to the scenario provided, explain the following:
• Both the neurological and musculoskeletal pathophysiologic processes that would account for the patient presenting these symptoms.
• Any racial/ethnic variables that may impact physiological functioning.
• How these processes interact to affect the patient.

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Rubric

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Excellent Good Fair Poor
Develop a 1- to 2-page case study analysis, examining the patient symptoms presented in the case study. Be sure to address the following:

Explain both the neurological and musculoskeletal pathophysiologic processes of why the patient presents these symptoms. 28 (28%) – 30 (30%)
The response accurately and thoroughly describes the patient symptoms.

The response includes accurate, clear, and detailed explanations of both the neurological and musculoskeletal pathophysiologic processes of patients who present these symptoms and is supported by evidence and/or research, as appropriate, to support the explanation. 25 (25%) – 27 (27%)
The response describes the patient symptoms.

The response includes accurate, explanations of both the neurological and musculoskeletal pathophysiologic processes of patients who present these symptoms and is supported by evidence and/or research, as appropriate, to support the explanation. 23 (23%) – 24 (24%)

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The response describes the patient symptoms in a manner that is vague or inaccurate.

The response includes explanations of both the neurological and musculoskeletal pathophysiologic processes of patients who present these symptoms and is supported by explanations that are vague or based on inappropriate evidence/research. 0 (0%) – 22 (22%)
The response describes the patient symptoms in a manner that is vague and inaccurate, or the description is missing.

The response does not include explanations of both the neurological and musculoskeletal pathophysiologic processes of patients who present these symptoms, or the explanations are vague or based on inappropriate evidence/research.
Explain how the highlighted processes interact to affect the patient. 28 (28%) – 30 (30%)
The response includes an accurate, complete, detailed, and specific explanation of how the highlighted processes interact to affect the patient and is supported by evidence and/or research, as appropriate, to support the explanation. 25 (25%) – 27 (27%)
The response includes an accurate explanation of how the highlighted processes interact to affect the patient and is supported by evidence and/or research, as appropriate, to support the explanation. 23 (23%) – 24 (24%)
The response includes a vague or inaccurate explanation of how the highlighted processes interact to affect the patient, with explanations that are based on inappropriate evidence/research. 0 (0%) – 22 (22%)
The response includes a vague or inaccurate explanation of how the highlighted processes interact to affect the patient, with explanations that are based on inappropriate or missing evidence/research.
Explain any racial/ethnic variables that may impact physiological functioning. 23 (23%) – 25 (25%)
The response includes an accurate, complete, detailed, and specific explanation of racial/ethnic variables that may impact physiological functioning and is supported by evidence and/or research, as appropriate, to support the explanation. 20 (20%) – 22 (22%)

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The response includes an accurate explanation of racial/ethnic variables that may impact physiological functioning and is supported by evidence and/or research, as appropriate, to support the explanation. 18 (18%) – 19 (19%)
The response includes a vague or inaccurate explanation of racial/ethnic variables that may impact physiological functioning, and/or explanations that are based on inappropriate evidence/research. 0 (0%) – 17 (17%)
The response includes a vague or inaccurate explanation of racial/ethnic variables that may impact physiological functioning, or the explanations are based on inappropriate or no evidence/research.
Written Expression and Formatting – Paragraph Development and Organization:
Paragraphs make clear points that support well-developed ideas, flow logically, and demonstrate continuity of ideas. Sentences are carefully focused—neither long and rambling nor short and lacking substance. A clear and comprehensive purpose statement and introduction are provided that delineate all required criteria. 5 (5%) – 5 (5%)
Paragraphs and sentences follow writing standards for flow, continuity, and clarity.

A clear and comprehensive purpose statement, introduction, and conclusion are provided that delineate all required criteria. 4 (4%) – 4 (4%)
Paragraphs and sentences follow writing standards for flow, continuity, and clarity 80% of the time.

The purpose, introduction, and conclusion of the assignment are stated, yet they are brief and not descriptive. 3.5 (3.5%) – 3.5 (3.5%)
Paragraphs and sentences follow writing standards for flow, continuity, and clarity 60%–79% of the time.

The purpose, introduction, and conclusion of the assignment are vague or off topic. 0 (0%) – 3 (3%)
Paragraphs and sentences follow writing standards for flow, continuity, and clarity < 60% of the time.

No purpose statement, introduction, or conclusion were provided.
Written Expression and Formatting – English Writing Standards:
Correct grammar, mechanics, and proper punctuation 5 (5%) – 5 (5%)
Uses correct grammar, spelling, and punctuation with no errors. 4 (4%) – 4 (4%)
Contains a few (1 or 2) grammar, spelling, and punctuation errors. 3.5 (3.5%) – 3.5 (3.5%)
Contains several (3 or 4) grammar, spelling, and punctuation errors. 0 (0%) – 3 (3%)
Contains many (≥ 5) grammar, spelling, and punctuation errors that interfere with the reader’s understanding.
Written Expression and Formatting – The paper follows correct APA format for title page, headings, font, spacing, margins, indentations, page numbers, parenthetical/in-text citations, and reference list. 5 (5%) – 5 (5%)
Uses correct APA format with no errors. 4 (4%) – 4 (4%)
Contains a few (1 or 2) APA format errors.

MODEL ANSWER

Parkinson

Parkinson’s disease is the most widespread neurodegenerative disorder after Alzheimer’s disease (Wong et al, 2014). It is a chronic disease that results when | PLACE YOUR ORDER NOW AT writtask.com | decreases production of dopamine, a chemical that controls the muscle control and | PLACE YOUR ORDER NOW AT writtask.com | is incurable but the symptoms can be slowed down by | PLACE YOUR ORDER NOW AT writtask.com | and non-motor symptoms are the greatest burden of this | PLACE YOUR ORDER NOW AT writtask.com | aims to explain neurological and musculoskeletal pathophysiologically process of the diseases and how they affect patients and ethnic variables that affect physiological functioning.

Degeneration of dopamine releasing neurons significantly decreases levels of dopamine and as a result movement control is | PLACE YOUR ORDER NOW AT writtask.com | manifest with clinical symptoms which include rigidity, resting tremors, gait difficulty, facial and truncal bradykinesia and | PLACE YOUR ORDER NOW AT writtask.com | manifest when there is more than 60% loss of dopaminergic | PLACE YOUR ORDER NOW AT writtask.com | also causes autonomic dysfunction as a result of lewy bodies in the brain, this leads to non-motor symptoms like excessive sweating, dysphagia, inability to regulate body temperature, urination urgency and incontinence (Pfeiffer, 2020).

In healthy individuals and those who have lost less than 50% of their dopaminergic neurons have good residual dopamine levels, and as previously discussed, appropriate levels of dopamine are necessary for maintaining control and coordination for skeletal | PLACE YOUR ORDER NOW AT writtask.com | than 60% loss of dopaminergic neurons, there is presentation of motor dysfunction | PLACE YOUR ORDER NOW AT writtask.com | pathology that occurs in the non-dopaminergic regions of the brain cause non-motor features of Parkinson’s disease.

According to Caparros‐Lefebvre et al. (2002), incidence of | PLACE YOUR ORDER NOW AT writtask.com | in white and Asian populations than blacks and most patients of black population have a bradykinesia-dominant disease with earlier onset in those below 40 years | PLACE YOUR ORDER NOW AT writtask.com | also prone to gait difficulty.

In conclusion, Parkinson’s disorder is neurodegenerative disease that leads to motor and autonomic dysfunction due to dopaminergic neuron loss. Whites and Asians are more likely to develop Parkinson’s disease than blacks.

References

Caparros‐Lefebvre, D., Sergeant, N., Lees, A., Camuzat, A., Daniel, S., Lannuzel, A., … & Duyckaerts, C. (2002). Guadeloupean parkinsonism: A cluster of progressive supranuclear palsy‐like tauopathy. Brain, 125(4), 801-811.

Pfeiffer, R. F. (2020). Autonomic dysfunction in Parkinson’s disease. Neurotherapeutics, 1-16.

Silveira-Moriyama, L., & Lees, A. J. (2018). Endemic atypical parkinsonism. Journal of the neurological sciences.

Wong, S. L., Gilmour, H. L., & Ramage-Morin, P. L. (2014). Parkinson’s disease: Prevalence, diagnosis and impact.