ASSIGNMENT : Health and Social Care (Health Policy)

1. (QUESTION)

• “Globalisation creates a pathway to address inequality.” Discuss 

Dear writer

This previously submitted essay has discussed the impact of globalization on health policy focusing on a specific aspect of the health care system OR a specific health condition.

The essay needs to be re-writing in different UK English and it lack number 1, 2 and 3 below needs to be writing and added to the essay as appropriate. Also please see the introduction for any additional on what you are including in your writing.

Please note that essay has been previously submitted and it has to be free of plagiarism.

1. Definition of globalization including different high level of concept on globalization
2. Develop your idea into arguments compare and contrast i.e. either globalization crates pathway address equality or inequality and evidence your argument
3. Also add government policies on globalization.

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Globalisation creates a pathway to address inequality.” Discuss 

This essay seeks to discuss the impact of globalization on HIV/AIDS by highlighting on definition and types of globalization, HIV in a globalized world, impact of globalization on prevalence of HIV, impact of globalization on HIV/AIDS interventions and policies and end with recommendation and conclusion. As debate on the influence of globalization on human health endures swiftly, interrupted by events, notably the trade negotiations collapse, under the umbrellas of the WTO (World Trade Organization) in Mexico, in September of 2003, there is a spontaneous sagacity within the health sector, which it desires to roll up its sleeves and become more engaged.

However, the challenge here is nothing other than to determine how (Shah & Phna, 2004). Many discussions has emphasized majorly on the level to which globalization is transpiring, its actual timeframe and its core drivers. However, the major debate among policy makers and academics remains as to whether globalization is worthy or immoral for humanity and their health, especially with respect to the spread infectious diseases such as HIV/AIDS. The viewpoints, however, shows a deeply divided opinion base with respect to the issue. While, the then Director in charge of Global Funds for Fighting HIV/AIDS, Richard Feachem acknowledges the risk and adverse impacts that come with globalization, and maintains that these consequences must be confronted, other stakeholders just seem to post views that are but of striking contrast (Shah & Phna, 2004).

According to a Public Health Professor, Fran Baum, prevailing globalization seem to be impacting positively on the world’s health, by improving lives globally. Nevertheless, globalization seems to reduce health inequalities (Shah & Phna, 2004). However, he acknowledges that, on the average, globalization is posing a serious threat to health, be it human-oriented or planet-oriented. Such fierce disparities can be mystifying and feel somehow detached from daily work of health professionalst at the coalface. Moreover, it is quite crucial for the globe to comprehend and participate in such debates because it is the only way to finding an appropriate understanding and solution.

Globalization, as a highly disputed terminology, has its meaning remain questioned for many years to come, because it has been overused and misused in the global arena (Huynen et al., 2005). As far as research in health care is concerned, it may be demarcated in terms of three categories of vicissitudes, which have ensued at unparalleled rates over the last few decades. Thus, many types of globalization exist, three of which will be discussed.

Spatial globalization is a category of globalization that influences how people perceive and experience terrestrial or physical space. Movement of information, people and life forms, commodities, and capital has not only strengthened across national borders but in some circumstances, has condensed national boundaries irrelevant. Cigarette smuggling, illicit drug trafficking, money laundering, undocumented migration, people smuggling and global atmospheric adjustment are transcoder marvels that are perplexing the governments’ capacity to control the impact of globalisation (Huynen et al., 2005). Nevertheless, new social layouts are being fashioned that redefine how inhabitants interrelate with one another. While some contend that the world is moving towards becoming a ‘global village,’ others claim that humanities are splitting and, in some circumstances, collapsing (Altman, 2010). Even more novel is the formation of innovative forms of planetary, namely virtual reality and cyberspace, which contest the traditional philosophies of a physical locality.

Cognitive globalization is also a type of globalization that intensely how humanity sees themselves and the world that surrounds them. The leading change agents here are the advertising industry, the mass media, research institutions, religious groups, consultancy firms, political parties, and other establishments motivated to win people’s hearts and minds (Shah & Pha, 2004). Thus influencing the world’s perceived needs, culture, values, knowledge, beliefs, and ambitions.

 Temporal globalization is as well a category of globalization that disturbs how people distinguish and experience time. On the one hand, communal relations are fast-moving up through contemporary transportation and communication technologies (Pope et al, 2009). Curved on speed, people race via life under ever-growing heaviness to multitask, get instant credit, eat fast food, and even ‘speed date’. However, people’s lives are decelerated by other contemporary intricacies that bring them evidence overload, gridlocked roads, and swelling bureaucracies.

Humanity has stayed with recurrent modification since the relocation of Homo erectus out of African continent a thousand centuries ago. Therefore, alongside globalization has been the development of human civilizations. However, the current globalization’s phase is unique in its extraordinary strength and range of change. Concerning health, it would not be accurate to pronounce globalization as either decent or depraved (Pope et al., 2009). The debate concerning health and globalization focuses on the apparent danger of obtaining certain epidemics, such as HIV/AIDS. Nevertheless, the migration of health specialists, as a consequence of globalization, offers assistances to understaffed health organizations in other parts worldwide. However, the amplified locomotion of items and people creates a multifaceted equation of minuses and pluses for every society.

The initial globalization response to HIV/AIDS focused on changing behavior and launching research into a vaccine, with a motive of preventing the prevalence of HIV/AID. Conversely, it turns out to be clear that understanding of transmission was not sufficient to stop prevalent. By 2000, the global reaction has accelerated hastily with worldwide admittance to treatment becoming a top priority (Irwin et al., 2003). Lately, there have been needing to exaggerate global struggles with the UNAIDS targeting to end the widespread by 2030. Regardless of progress in assembling global HIV finance, a wealth gap is anticipated as donor funding falls and more folks necessitate treatment. Therefore, HIV/AIDS and globalization are intimately attached through numerous paths. The critical link is explained by people health professionals through social determinants of health. In other words, HIV/AIDS is related to globalization via health aspects that are not virtuously biological (Zajda & Rast, 2009). Comparable too, AIDS is reliant on numerous social and biological determinants, making folks more or less susceptible to HIV contagion and swaying their capability to live confidently with the virus.

Conferring to the PHAC (Public Health Agency of Canada), generic and biology predilection constitute only a single set of health determinants. Most other factors are cultural, political, economic, or societal in nature. One social element that is frequently ignored is governance, which shows how power is exercised, citizens participate in their health system, and decisions are taken (Mann & Tarantola, 1996). For instance, the national reaction to a specific health subject may be contingent, partly, on whether or not there are democratic participation and political leadership in the governance of issues pertaining to health in general, and of HIV/AIDS in particular (Shah & Phna, 2004). Nevertheless, it may as well depend on whether the countrywide administration is adequately committed or armed to play its part; whether global promises or rules are confining the accomplishment of health experts.

There is high prevalence of HIV in in Sub-Saharan Africa than any other nation globally; approximately 42million people are living with HIV/AIDS, with sub-Saharan Africa having a large percentage of the infected people (Muller, 2005).  Out of the 3 million people who died of the infection in 2002, 2.5million were people living with the disease in Sub-Saran Africa. With regards to children orphaned by the disease globally, 80% are from sub-Saharan Africa with current HIV/AIDS orphans reaching the 11million mark.

 It is contended that the quick spread of HIV is allied with globalization that makes it easier for individuals to move and may encourage some risk conducts (WHO, 2015). HIV/AIDS is as well destabilization the aids of globalization for several republics, for instance while life expectancy in Africa might have increased by nine years between 1960 and 1990. Currently, globalization has eradicated this expectancy level (Müller, 2005). Despite amplified resources being obtainable to discourse the worldwide AIDS encounter, the contagion endures to become more prevalent in most parts of the globe. Even though the highest number of individuals living with the virus are situated in sub-Saharan Africa, of equivalent anxiety is the mounting epidemic’s cases in Central Asia (Müller, 2005).

Globalization affects all aspects of human life, comprising health and well-being. The HIV epidemic has decorated the international landscape of human welfare and health, and globalization has escalated a trend aimed at finding mutual answers to global health encounters. Many international resources have been set up to address worldwide health battles such as HIV (Volberding, 2012). Conversely, notwithstanding the increasingly large quantities of funding for health enterprises being made accessible to subordinate regions of the globe, HIV infection rates as well as prevalence endure to upsurge worldwide. As a consequence, the AIDS widespread is growing and escalating globally.

One of the chief reasons for the ostensible ineffectiveness of international interventions is attributed to historical faintness, brought about by globalization, in the health arrangements of most countries of the world, which donate to blockages in the dispersal and application of funds (Volberding, 2008). Nevertheless, global cognitive and social brought about by globalization has resulted in high cases of corruption and unaccountability, that, in turn, makes it quite a challenge for people in charge of implementing policies that can eradicate the prevalence cases of HIV/AID difficult to adopt and set to use. Consolidation these health arrangements, even though a vibrant factor in addressing the worldwide epidemic, must conversely be escorted by the vindication of other elements as well (Volberding, 2008).

These are fundamentally complex and comprise environmental and social factors, sexual behavior, biological factors, and subjects of human rights, all of which donate to HIV diffusion, progression, and impermanence (Altman, 2010). A similar vital element is confirming a justifiable balance between treatment and prevention programs so as to holistically address confronts offered by the epidemic. With that being mentioned, globalization has made it quite hectic to ensure the proper exercise of interventions and policies aimed at controlling the prevalence of HIV/AIDS (Zajda & Rast, 2009).

From the essay, many issues pertaining the link between increased globalization and HIV/AIDs prevalence, monitoring and policy-making have been pointed out vividly. Among them, the most important idea regards the expansion of AIDS widespread across the sphere, which has spurred the world community into demonstrating an inclination to encounter its persistent spread.

Nevertheless, the increasing mobilization of funds aimed at extenuating the influence of the virus in emerging provinces of the world, in particular, grasps numerous possible benefits on the progression of the AIDS prevalent. However, whether these assistances are recognized or not be contingent on funds devoted to addressing the worldwide AIDS contest being acknowledged by those in need, what remains unsolved is the cause. Therefore, in as far as the impact of globalization on HIV/AIDs issues is concerned, there is never going to be a single counter mechanism. However, a few recommendations to help curb the impact that globalization has on HIV/AIDs can and will always be advocated for.

In conclusion, therefore, globalization conveys many aids in addressing the prevalence of HIV/AIDs all over the world. Nonetheless, these welfares can only be gathered if suitable programs are offered in areas of requisite. As part of the substantial supply of aid meant for addressing glitches that are unambiguous to HIV/AIDS, courtesy desires to be paid to constructing capacity in recipient nations so that such sums of money may be efficiently distributed and the widespread effectually restrained.

Reference list

Altman, D. (2010) AIDS and the Globalization of Sexuality: AIDS and the Globalization of Sexuality. Available at: http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/6233/aids-and-the-globalization-of-sexuality

 [Accessed: 2 May 2016]

Huynen, M.M.T.E., Martens, P. and Hilderink, H. (2005) The Health Impacts of Globalization: A Conceptual Framework. Available at: http://globalizationandhealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1744-8603-1-14  [Accessed: 27 April 2016].

Irwin, A.C., Millen, J. and Fallows, D. (2003) Global AIDS: myths and facts: tools for fighting the AIDS pandemic, Cambridge, MA: South End Press.

Mann, J.M. and Tarantola, D. (1996) AIDS in the world II: global dimensions, social roots, and responses, New York: Oxford University Press.

Müller, T. R. (2005) HIV/AIDS and human development in sub-Saharan Africa: impact mitigation through agricultural interventions: an overview and annotated bibliography, Wageningen: Wageningen Academic Publishers.

Pope, C., White, R. T. and Malow, R. (2009) HIV/AIDS: global frontiers in prevention/intervention, New York: Routledge.

Shah, M.H. and Phua, K.L. (2004) Public policy, culture and the impact of globalisation in Malaysia, Selangor, D.E.: Persatuan Sains Sosial Malaysia.

Volberding, P. (2008) Global HIV/AIDS medicine, Philadelphia, PA: Saunders/Elsevier.

Volberding, P. (2012) Sande’s HIV/AIDS medicine: medical management of AIDS 2012, Philadelphia, Pa.?: Elsevier Saunders.

World Health Organization (2015) Globalization. Available at: http://www.who.int/trade/glossary/story043/en/ [Accessed: 2 May 2016].

Zajda, J.I. and Rust, V.D. (2009) Globalisation, policy and comparative research: discourses of globalisation, Dordrecht: Springer

SAMPLE SOLUTION

“Globalisation creates a pathway to address inequality.” Discuss
The use of the term globalization seems to be overused and occasionally misused, which calls for a greater clarity in the understanding of the process to include the dissimilar changes that accompany the process and how these relate to human health (Zajda and Rust, 2010). Depending on such factors such as age, ethnic origin, location, socioeconomic factors, sex, and the levels of education, the impacts of globalization on health can be both positive and negative (Frenk and Gómez-Dantés 2002, p. 95). The current governments and global institutions have the responsibility of creating forms of…