ASSIGNMENT : Pathopharmacological Foundations for Advanced Nursing Practice

Investigated Disease Process
The American Heart Association estimates that approximately 950,120 new HF (heart failure) cases are reported annually. It is further estimated that close to 6.6 million Americans aged 20 and above suffer from congestive HF (Cowie & Komajda, 2017). Additionally, a report by CDC indicates that almost half of HF patients diagnosed with the condition die within five years. Li et al. (2019) document that heart failure costs the country close to 430.6 billion yearly in terms of health care services costs, missed work, and medications. Heart Failure is a condition involving a failure of the heart valves to pump enough blood and oxygen to boost the different body organs. The muscle, in this case, is stressed and strained by hypertension and heart attack. Again, the heart fails to pump enough blood necessary for the functioning of the organs; Dokainish et al. (2017) term the scenario as “reduced cardiac output.” This scenario results in the body’s cascade of attempts to compensate for reduced output attributed to the injury of the muscle. Additionally, heart failure can be characterized by various methods, which include the…