ASSIGNMENT HELP | Emmanuel Case Study

Emmanuel and his mother live in an urban community housing complex. The building is worn down and dirty from the urban dust, cockroaches, and mold. Emmanuel is 5 years of age and has suffered from asthma for the last 2 years. One evening, his mother poured him some milk and put him to bed. Shortly afterward, Emmanuel woke up wheezing and coughing. As he gasped for air, he became more and more anxious. His mother ran for his inhaler, but he was too upset and restless to use it. Emmanuel’s skin became moist with sweat, and as he began to tire, his wheezing became quieter. His mother called 911 and waited anxiously for the ambulance to arrive.

| PLACE YOUR ORDER NOW AT writtask.com |

1. Emmanuel uses a corticosteroid inhaler for the management of his asthma. What is the mechanism of action of this drug? How is its action different from the β2-agonist inhalants?
2. Why does someone with severe asthma become physically fatigued during a prolonged attack? What are the physiological events that occur during an attack?
3. One of the complications of respiratory fatigue is the development of hypercapnia. How does the body compensate for an increase in CO2? What are the effects of hypercapnia on the central nervous system?

MODEL ANSWER

Disorders of Ventilation and Gas Exchange

Asthma is among the leading disorders of ventilation and | PLACE YOUR ORDER NOW AT writtask.com | about the condition entails understanding how the disorder affects the body, and how the medication prescribed works to counter the reaction of the | PLACE YOUR ORDER NOW AT writtask.com | nurse should be in a position to provide the patient with interventions that can help prevent the patient from having to suffer from the intense effects of asthma such as hypercapnia.

Question 1

The most effective controllers of asthma are inhaled | PLACE YOUR ORDER NOW AT writtask.com | help to relieve asthma by diffusing across the cell membranes and binding themselves to the glucocorticoid receptors (GR). Therefore, activating the individual’s immune response and causing a confrontational | PLACE YOUR ORDER NOW AT writtask.com | receptor glucocorticoid complex then moves to the cell nucleus and binds itself to the response elements, offering relief to the asthma patient.

Beta2-agonists also known as bronchodilators, are also used | PLACE YOUR ORDER NOW AT writtask.com | relief by causing relaxation, dilation, and opening of the muscles in the lungs and the airways (Matera et al., 2020). They are responsible for the opening of large-conductance calcium-activated potassium channels. Bronchodilators hyperpolarize the muscles in the airway, by making the membrane potential in that particular area negative.

Question 2

Individuals with severe asthma become physically fatigued during a prolonged attack due | PLACE YOUR ORDER NOW AT writtask.com | attack, it is much harder and it takes a lot longer for an individual to exhale carbon-dioxide from their system. As a result, the lungs fill up with oxygen, causing the individual to struggle and feel like they cannot breathe either in or out.

Several physiological events take place during an | PLACE YOUR ORDER NOW AT writtask.com | ma attack. One significant event is the tightening of the muscles in the airways and lungs, making the individual’s chest feel constricted and heavy. Secondly, the linings in the | PLACE YOUR ORDER NOW AT writtask.com | secrete an excess amount of mucus, which blocks the air tube | PLACE YOUR ORDER NOW AT writtask.com | things happen the air is trapped in the lungs, making it extremely difficult for the patient to breathe, hence the wheezing.

Question 3

People with severe asthma are likely to suffer from hypercapnia, which is a condition where the blood contains too much carbon dioxide, whenever they | PLACE YOUR ORDER NOW AT writtask.com | for the increase in carbon dioxide by causing the individual to gasp and inhale large amounts of air. This act helps create a balance of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the body and expels the excess carbon dioxide.

Hypercapnia has several debilitating effects on the | PLACE YOUR ORDER NOW AT writtask.com | causes cerebral vasodilation | PLACE YOUR ORDER NOW AT writtask.com | in the rain widen and there is an abnormal increase in the amount of blood flowing in the | PLACE YOUR ORDER NOW AT writtask.com | causes increased intracranial pressure, which can cause headaches and injury to the brain and spinal cord. Lastly, hypercapnia tends to cause a lowering of the seizure threshold, hence making the individual more likely to have seizures.

Conclusion

Asthma can be a complicated and frightening condition for one to | PLACE YOUR ORDER NOW AT writtask.com | the various aspects of the disease enables the patient to better handle themselves during an | PLACE YOUR ORDER NOW AT writtask.com | ensures that they do not panic and make their condition worse than it | PLACE YOUR ORDER NOW AT writtask.com | nurse’s priority should be to ensure that the patient is well-equipped to handle their condition whenever the need arises.

References

Hossny, E., Rosario, N., Lee, B. W., Singh, M., El-Ghoneimy, D., Soh, J. Y., & Le Souef, P. (2016). The use of inhaled corticosteroids in pediatric asthma: an update. World Allergy Organization Journal, 9(1), 26. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40413-016-0117-0

Jewell, T. (2018, August 20). Hypercapnia: Causes, treatment, and more. Healthline. https://www.healthline.com/health/hypercapnia

Matera, M. G., Page, C. P., Calzetta, L., Rogliani, P., & Cazzola, M. (2020). Pharmacology and therapeutics of bronchodilators revisited. Pharmacological Reviews, 72(1), 218-252. https://doi.org/10.1124/pr.119.018150

Mousavi, S. R., Ahmadi, A., Jamalkandi, S. A., & Salimian, J. (2019). Involvement of microRNAs in physiological and pathological processes in asthma. Journal of Cellular Physiology, 234(12), 21547-21559. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcp.28781